2024 Biology formulas

CGP Edexcel GCSE Biology Revision Guide.pdf. CGP Edexcel GCSE Biology Revision Guide.pdf. Sign In. Details .... Michigan university fight song

Here are most of the calculations needed for biology A levels.Detailed explanation with examples in written form is given for percentage change calculations,...Here you will find animations, interactive activities, and cartoons designed to make learning biology a richer, more engaging experience. After years of teaching biology in various colleges and universities, I began developing my own graphics and multimedia, mainly for in-class presentation. The many positive responses I received led me to ...Function of Fatty Acids. Fatty acids have important roles in: 1) signal-transduction pathways; 2) cellular fuel sources; 3) the composition of hormones and lipids; 4) the modification of proteins; and 5) energy storage within adipose tissue (specialized fat cells) in the form of triacylglycerols. Biological Signalling.Synulin by Systemic Formulas supplies botanical nutrients from all over the world, plus a patented chromium chelate for normal, healthy cell membrane and mitochondrial uptake of glucose for the production of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)—the chemical energy of life. the botanical ingredients are selected as nourishment for the epigenetic metabolic functions of the citric acid and beta ...Starch is a polysaccharide made up of 1,4 linkages between glucose monomers. The chemical formula of the starch molecule is (C6H10O5)n. Starch is made up of long chains of sugar molecules that are connected together. The linear polymer amylose is the most basic form of starch, while amylopectin is the branched form.Here are most of the calculations needed for biology A levels.Detailed explanation with examples in written form is given for percentage change calculations,...middle value that separates the greater and lesser halves of a data set. Mean. =. sum of all data points divided by number of data points. Range= value obtained by subtracting the smallest observation (sample minimum) from the greatest (sample maximum) AP Biology. Equations and Formulas. Page 1 of 2.So you go from messenger RNA, and then in conjunction, so this is all, this is in conjunction with tRNA and amino acids, so let me say "+tRNA," and "amino acids." And I'll write "amino acids" in, I'll write it in a brighter color, since that's going to be the focus of this video. So tRNA and amino acids, you're able to construct proteins.Peptides often contain up to fifty amino acid residues, protein are molecules with more than fifty amino acid residues. Peptides are functioning in human body on many ways, such as regulating metabolism (insulin) and mediating pain signals (dynorphin). They also play a role in endocrine signaling and can act as a growth factor.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like kilometer, Metre, Centimetre and more.The AP Biology Exam will test your understanding of the biological concepts covered in the course units, as well as your ability to utilize the scientific method and analyze data. You are allowed to use a four-function calculator (with square root), scientific, or graphing functions throughout exam. Exam Duration. 3hrs.Getting out into nature may seem a world away from a maths classroom. But the beauty that surrounds us has order - and one of the world's best codebreakers was the key to unlocking it. Alan ...CGP Edexcel GCSE Biology Revision Guide.pdf. CGP Edexcel GCSE Biology Revision Guide.pdf. Sign In. Details ...[UPDATED] What equations and formulas will be on the AP Biology exam? What math do I need to know for AP Biology? Is the math on the AP Bio exam hard?In this... AP Biology Course and Exam Description. This is the core document for this course. It clearly lays out the course content and describes the exam and the AP Program in general. The CED was updated in the summer of 2020 to include scoring guidelines for the example questions. PDF. Photosynthesis is the process in which light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of sugars. In a process driven by light energy, glucose molecules (or other sugars) are constructed from water and carbon dioxide, and oxygen is released as a byproduct. The glucose molecules provide organisms with two crucial resources: energy and ...Simpson's Diversity Index is a way to measure the diversity of species in a community.. Denoted as D, this index is calculated as:. D = Σn i (n i-1) / N(N-1). where: n i: The number of organisms that belong to species i; N: The total number of organisms The value for Simpson's Diversity Index ranges between 0 and 1. The higher the value, the lower the diversity.Carbohydrates are biological molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of roughly one carbon atom (C ‍ ) to one water molecule (H 2 O ‍ ).This composition gives carbohydrates their name: they are made up of carbon (carbo-) plus water (-hydrate).Carbohydrate chains come in different lengths, and biologically important …Lebenswert Bio Formula is a trusted and wholesome choice for infants and growing children, known for its commitment to providing organic and nutrient-rich nutrition. This formula is designed to meet the unique dietary needs of babies from birth through the early stages of childhood, offering peace of mind to parents seeking a high-quality ...Features comprehensive calculations in biotechnology and molecular biology experiments from start to finish. Provides coverage ranging from basic scientific notations to complex subjects like nucleic acid chemistry and recombinant DNA technology. Includes recent applications of the procedures and computations in clinical, academic, industrial ...Per capita population growth rate measures the average growth rate per individual. Exponential growth equations describe unconstrained population growth, while environmental carrying capacity sets real-world limits. Here, we also clarify AP Biology formula sheet notation.Per capita population growth rate measures the average growth rate per individual. Exponential growth equations describe unconstrained population growth, while environmental carrying capacity sets real-world limits. Here, we also clarify AP Biology formula sheet notation.AP Biology Equations and Formulas - College Board. EN. English Deutsch Français Español Português Italiano Român Nederlands Latina Dansk Svenska Norsk Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Türkçe Suomi Latvian Lithuanian česk ...0654 Cambridge IGCSE Coordinated Science Formula list (all sciences) Subject: Cells. Age range: 14-16. Resource type: Assessment and revision. File previews. docx, 77.67 KB. Here is a simple sheet with the word equations of all formulas required for the 2015 and 2016 Coordinated Sciences IGCSE exams. Creative Commons "Sharealike".ΔN/t = rN - cNP. P - # of predators supported by a stable prey population (P=r/c) N - # of prey that creates a stable predator population (N=m/ac) r - intrinsic growth rate of prey. c - capture probability (predator efficiency) a - efficiency of converting prey into predator offspring. m - predator mortality.To download the NEET notes Biology, you can follow the given steps-. Visit the Selfstudys website. Click the navigation button which can be seen in the left side corner of the page. Click NEET from the given list, and automatically a drop-down menu may appear, click Biology from the list.Electronegativity is a measure of the affinity a nucleus has for outer shell electrons (Table 1.2). High electronegativity corresponds to high affinity. Electrons in a covalent bond are held closer to the nucleus with a greater electronegativity compared to a nucleus with lower electronegativity. Table 1.2 Image by Aleia Kim.3 Nov 2021 ... Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de ...Here you will find animations, interactive activities, and cartoons designed to make learning biology a richer, more engaging experience. After years of teaching biology in various colleges and universities, I began developing my own graphics and multimedia, mainly for in-class presentation. The many positive responses I received led me to ...But if you're stressing about what MCAT formulas to memorize, here is a short list of rules and equations collected by our MCAT test experts. This is by no means a definitive list but rather a sampling to jump start your prep. ... Central Dogma of molecular biology. DNA replication rules/enzymes. the start codon and the 3 stop codons ...Biology, study of living things and their vital processes that deals with all the physicochemical aspects of life. Modern principles of other fields, such as chemistry, medicine, and physics, for example, are integrated with those of biology in areas such as biochemistry, biomedicine, and biophysics.View more on Instagram. 42,563 likes. fredscarf. @vogue / @vogueitalia by photographer @attilakiss. Add a comment... Scarf used his degree in technology to send a love letter to his high school self: Stop Guessing, which uses machine learning to figure out what skincare ingredients your skin needs. Getting beautiful skin is easier than you think.Lebenswert Bio Formula Ingredients. Lebenswert uses ingredients as pure as they come, such as vitamins C, A, D, B, and zinc. These nutrients give babies the healthy body and immune system they deserve. Lebenswert is free of wheat, soy, and peanut ingredients; it is a gluten-free formula.5,577 Followers, 3,133 Following, 1,511 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from BIOFÓRMULAS | Farmácia de Manipulação (@bioformulas_rp)The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one contraction. What is cardiac output? The amount of blood the heart pumps through the circulatory system in a minute. What is heart rate? Number of heartbeats per minute. What is tidal volume? The volume of air that enters the lungs in each breath when at rest.Disaccharides. Two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide. Examples of carbohydrates having two monomers include- Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, etc. 3. Oligosaccharides. Carbohydrates formed by the condensation of 2-9 monomers are called oligosaccharides. By this convention, trioses, pentoses, hexoses are all oligosaccharides.Read and download free pdf of NEET Biology Formula Handbook for all Chapters. Students and teachers of NEET Biology can get free advanced study material, revision notes, sure shot questions and answers for NEET Biology prepared as per the latest syllabus and examination guidelines. NEET students should download this study material which will ...Studying Cave Biology - Studying cave biology started in the 1700s. Learn about cave biologists and studying cave biology in this article. Advertisement Perhaps we can trace the or...The circulatory system. The circulatory system is the heart and all the blood vessels in the body which carry cells and substances to all its parts. The effect of asthma, smoking and exercise on ...ss AP® BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS . 00762-113-CED-Biology_Appendix.indd 214 2/28/19 7:46 PM. Return to Table of ContentsAP Biology Equations and Formulas. 1 of 2 * * * For the purposes of the AP Exam, students will not be required to perform calculations using this equation; however, they must understand the underlying concepts and applications. 𝑛𝑛= 𝑁𝑁= 4. 3 3. Vr p V lwh V rhp. 2. Vs. 3.Embark on a journey of exceptional nutrition with Lebenswert Formula, available in various stages tailored to your baby's growth and development, including Stage 1 (From Birth), Stage 2 (6+ Months), and Stage 3 (10+ Months). Filter. Featured. Lebenswert Stage 1 Bio Formula (500g) 5.0 (3) From $27.99. Sale.There are many examples of chemical formulas that most high schoolers have witnessed in textbooks or other places. This includes examples such as: NaCl (table salt) C H 4 (methane) C 6 H 12 O 6 ...Get yourself in the best position possible with our 1-day online AQA Biology GCSE Exam Preparation courses. Paper 1 course 4th May & Paper 2 course 28th May. Book now! Paper 1. Topic 1: Key Concepts in Biology. Topic 2: Cells and Control. Topic 3: Genetics. Topic 4: Natural Selection and Genetic Modification.Simpson's Diversity Index is a way to measure the diversity of species in a community.. Denoted as D, this index is calculated as:. D = Σn i (n i-1) / N(N-1). where: n i: The number of organisms that belong to species i; N: The total number of organisms The value for Simpson's Diversity Index ranges between 0 and 1. The higher the value, the lower the diversity.Biology formulas. Diffusion is the spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. 1.5 / 5 based on 2 ratings? Biology; GCSE; AQA; Created by: Katie Strange; Created on: 04-04-13 21:08; Diffusion.Molecular biology / m ə ˈ l ɛ k j ʊ l ər / is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells, including biomolecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions.. Though cells and other microscopic structures had been observed in living organisms as early as the 18th century, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms ...AP BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS Statistical Analysis and Probability x = sample mean n = size of the sample s = sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample-based estimate of the standard deviation of the population) o = observed results e = expected results Degrees of freedom are equal to the number of distinct possible outcomes minus one.Calculating magnification and specimen size using millimetres as units. Magnification is calculated using the following equation: Magnification = Image size ÷ Actual size. A better way to remember the equation is using an equation triangle: Magnification equation. Rearranging the equation to find things other than the magnification becomes ...After 1 hour and 20 minutes, say: There are 10 minutes remaining. After 10 more minutes, say: Stop working and put your pencil down. Close your exam booklet and put your answer sheet faceup on your desk. Make sure your AP ID label and AP Exam label are on your answer sheet. Sit quietly while I collect your answer sheets.CHO. Proteins. CHON. Nucleic Acids. CHONP. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and more.The above Advanced Study Material for NEET Biology have been designed as per latest NEET Biology guidelines and 2021 syllabus. The study material has been framed in a manner which will help to revise the entire syllabus as this has many useful material like important formulaes, mind maps, sure shot question, quick revision notes, cheat sheets and many more concepts developed to help students.Such arrangements have been noticed since the Middle Ages and can be used to make mathematical models of a wide variety of plants. Mathematical and theoretical biology, or biomathematics, is a branch of biology which employs theoretical analysis, mathematical models and abstractions of living organisms to investigate the principles that govern ...A Biological phenomenon is the biological processes, properties, and characteristics of the whole organism in human, animal, microorganisms, and plants, and of the biosphere. An example would be the concept of metabolism. This is my first time trying this in the morning I feel it’s going to be hard.AP® BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS ss * * * For the purposes of the AP Exam, students will not be required to perform calculations using this equation; however, they must understand the underlying concepts and applications. AP Biology Course and Exam Description Appendix V.1 | 214 Return to Table of Contents © 2019 College Board 00762 ...Biostatistics is the application of statistical principles to questions and problems in medicine, public health or biology. One can imagine that it might be of interest to characterize a given population (e.g., adults in Boston or all children in the United States) with respect to the proportion of subjects who are overweight or the proportion who have asthma, and it would also be important to ...2.12.1: Biology- Formula and Composition of Water and Glucose. We have presented a microscopic view of the chemical reaction between oxygen and hydrogen. The equation. O2(g) + 2H2(g) 2H2O(l) O 2 ( g) + 2 H 2 ( g) 2 H 2 O ( l) represents the same event in terms of chemical symbols and formulas.NEET Study Material Biology NEET Formula Handbook. NEET NEET Biology best textbooks have been used for writing the problems given in the above Study Material. If you have tests coming up then you should revise all concepts relating to Formula Handbook and then take out print of the above Study Material and attempt all problems.Learn AP Biology using videos, articles, and AP-aligned multiple choice question practice. Review the fundamentals of biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, evolution, and ecology, and develop scientific thinking skills as you explore the study of life. ... Properties, structure, and function of biological macromolecules: Chemistry of life ...5999 7999 20 courses. Here's a list of some common mathematical formulas and concepts often tested in the NDA exam: Algebra: Quadratic Equations. Arithmetic and Geometric Progressions. Binomial Theorem for positive integral indices. Trigonometry: Basic identities. Trigonometric ratios and their relations.The numbers of H atoms on the reactant and product sides of the equation are equal, but the numbers of O atoms are not. To achieve balance, the coefficients of the equation may be changed as needed. Keep in mind, of course, that the formula subscripts define, in part, the identity of the substance, and so these cannot be changed without altering the …Example Questions Using Probability Formulas. Example 1: What is the probability that a card taken from a standard deck, is an Ace? Solution: Total number of cards a standard pack contains = 52. Number of Ace cards in a deck of cards = 4. So, the number of favourable outcomes = 4. Now, by looking at the formula, Probability of selecting an ace ...2.12.1: Biology- Formula and Composition of Water and Glucose. We have presented a microscopic view of the chemical reaction between oxygen and hydrogen. The equation. O2(g) + 2H2(g) 2H2O(l) O 2 ( g) + 2 H 2 ( g) 2 H 2 O ( l) represents the same event in terms of chemical symbols and formulas.1000 mm. Mark recapture formula. P=MC/R (Population=First Sample x Total 2nd Sample/Number of recaptured marked. Quadrats Formula. N=aniamls in quadrat x area of whole habitat/area of quadrat. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Scale line equation, magnification equation, field of view equation and more.The AP Biology Exam will test your understanding of the biological concepts covered in the course units, as well as your ability to utilize the scientific method and analyze data. You are allowed to use a four-function calculator (with square root), scientific, or graphing functions throughout exam. Exam Duration. 3hrs.Indulge in the exquisite nutritional experience of Systemic Formulas Metabo-Shake (Vanilla 32 Oz) - a Bio-Basic #625 formula meticulously crafted for those who prioritize both flavor and wellness. This delicious shake not only tantalizes your taste buds with rich vanilla goodness but also stands out as a vegan and gluten-free powerhouse.Learn about the formulas and definitions on the AP Biology formula sheet, which you can use during the exam. Find out what topics are covered, what symbols mean, and what else you should know for the test.The Exponential Equation is a Standard Model Describing the Growth of a Single Population. The easiest way to capture the idea of a growing population is with a single celled organism, such as a ...2.12.1: Biology- Formula and Composition of Water and Glucose. We have presented a microscopic view of the chemical reaction between oxygen and hydrogen. The equation. O2(g) + 2H2(g) 2H2O(l) O 2 ( g) + 2 H 2 ( g) 2 H 2 O ( l) represents the same event in terms of chemical symbols and formulas.1.4. Compound interest. kn. FV = PV × 1 + r , where FV is the future value, 100 k PV is the present value, n is the number of years, k is the number of compounding periods per year, r% is the nominal annual rate of interest. SL. 1.5. Exponents and logarithms. x = b ⇔ x = log.Dental Formula = (2 incisors 1 canine 2 premolar 3 molar) / (2 incisors 1 canine 2 premolar 3 molar) Humans have two dental formulae: The primary dentition (20 teeth): I2/2 C1/1 M2/2 = 10. The permanent dentition (32 teeth): I2/2C1/1 P2/2 M 3/3 = 16. Where: I - Incisors, C-Canine and M-Molar. Among all other mammals, both humans and apes have ...Plus signs (+) separate individual reactant and product formulas, and an arrow ([latex]\rightarrow[/latex]) separates the reactant and product (left and right) sides of the equation. The relative numbers of reactant and product species are represented by coefficients (numbers placed immediately to the left of each formula). A coefficient of 1 ...We use several kinds of formulas to describe organic compounds. A molecular formula shows only the kinds and numbers of atoms in a molecule. For example, the molecular formula C 4 H 10 tells us there are 4 carbon atoms and 10 hydrogen atoms in a molecule, but it doesn't distinguish between butane and isobutane. A structural formula shows all the carbon and hydrogen atoms and the bonds ...Bio Formulas(red): There are only 10 in the game. One of them in particular (number 9) does not show up in the same spot for everyone. Described in the guide is the alternate location, to ...Author. College Board. Subject. 2020 AP® Biology Equations and Formulas. Keywords. Advanced Placement; AP Biology; 2020; Equations and Formulas Sheet; course resources; teacher resources; exam resources; exam practice; course resources;\r . Created Date.Chapter 9 Biology. calorie. Click the card to flip 👆. the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 C. Click the card to flip 👆. 1 / 34.Monosaccharide Definition. A monosaccharide is the most basic form of carbohydrates. Monosaccharides can by combined through glycosidic bonds to form larger carbohydrates, known as oligosaccharides or polysaccharides.An oligosaccharide with only two monosaccharides is known as a disaccharide.When more than 20 monosaccharides are combined with glycosidic bonds, a oligosaccharide becomes a ... Biology formulas calculator covers a wide range of biological and biochemical topics, including cell membrane permeability, enzyme kinetics, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, DNA replication, population dynamics, metabolic rate calculations, gene expression levels, protein folding, cell signaling pathways, DNA repair mechanisms, drug pharmacokinetics, cancer cell proliferation rates, immune response ... Photosynthesis Definition. Photosynthesis is the biochemical pathway which converts the energy of light into the bonds of glucose molecules. The process of photosynthesis occurs in two steps. In the first step, energy from light is stored in the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH).Supports whole body health via cellular energy nutrition. 4OH-Chromium-Isoleucinate contains a bioavailable source of chromium and isoleucine, which assists insulin in the biochemical regulation of fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism. *Chromium and Isoleucine may support insulin-mediated glucose uptake by cells. *Assists insulin in the ...Bioavailability. In pharmacology, bioavailability is a subcategory of absorption and is the fraction (%) of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation. [1] By definition, when a medication is administered intravenously, its bioavailability is 100%. [2] [3] However, when a medication is administered via routes other than ...Function of Fatty Acids. Fatty acids have important roles in: 1) signal-transduction pathways; 2) cellular fuel sources; 3) the composition of hormones and lipids; 4) the modification of proteins; and 5) energy storage within adipose tissue (specialized fat cells) in the form of triacylglycerols. Biological Signalling.Methanol Definition. Methanol, sometimes called "wood alcohol," is a clear liquid with the chemical formula CH 3 OH. It is clear liquid with polar properties, making it a good solvent. It is also highly flammable, and highly toxic to humans if ingested. Historically, methanol was created when cellulose, the main sugar in wood and some other ...The Beautiful Equation: Euler's Identity. Also called Euler's relation, or the Euler equation of complex analysis, this bit of mathematics enjoys accolades across geeky disciplines. Swiss ...

1. Introduction. Diversity is a frequently used concept across a broad spectrum of scientific disciplines, ranging from biology [1-5] and ecology [6-11], over investment and portfolio theory [12-16], to linguistics [17, 18] and sociology [19-24].In each of these disciplines, diversity is a measure of the range and distribution of certain features within a given population.. Publix best red wine

Bioavailability. In pharmacology, bioavailability is a subcategory of absorption and is the fraction (%) of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation. [1] By definition, when a medication is administered intravenously, its bioavailability is 100%. [2] [3] However, when a medication is administered via routes other than ...A new formula ingredient, manufactured through biology, helps bring infant formula closer than ever to natural mother's milk. Mother's milk is always the best option, but only 25% of babies ...AP Biology Equations and Formulas. 1 of 2 * * * For the purposes of the AP Exam, students will not be required to perform calculations using this equation; however, they must understand the underlying concepts and applications. 𝑛𝑛= 𝑁𝑁= 4. 3 3. Vr p V lwh V rhp. 2. Vs. 3.AP BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS Statistical Analysis and Probability x = sample mean n = size of the sample s = sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample-based estimate of the standard deviation of the population) o = observed results e = expected results Degrees of freedom are equal to the number of distinct possible outcomes minus one.ss AP® BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS . 00762-113-CED-Biology_Appendix.indd 214 2/28/19 7:46 PM. Return to Table of Contentscarbohydrate, class of naturally occurring compounds and derivatives formed from them. In the early part of the 19th century, substances such as wood, starch, and linen were found to be composed mainly of molecules containing atoms of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) and to have the general formula C 6 H 12 O 6; other organic molecules ...Eyepiece lens magnification × objective lens magnification. Rate. 1000 ÷ time. BMI. Weight (kg) ÷ (height (m))². Light intensity. Is proportional to 1÷ distance (d)². Start studying Biology Equations GCSE 9-1. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.Developments in the interdisciplinary field that combines protein engineering and nanoelectronics also hold promise for developing cutting-edge technologies that …Mathematical and theoretical biology, or biomathematics, is a branch of biology which employs theoretical analysis, mathematical models and abstractions of living organisms to investigate the principles that govern the structure, development and behavior of the systems, as opposed to experimental biology which deals with the conduction of ...A Biological phenomenon is the biological processes, properties, and characteristics of the whole organism in human, animal, microorganisms, and plants, and of the biosphere. An example would be the concept of metabolism. This is my first time trying this in the morning I feel it’s going to be hard.Calculating magnification and specimen size using millimetres as units. Magnification is calculated using the following equation: Magnification = Image size ÷ Actual size. A better way to remember the equation is using an equation triangle: Magnification equation. Rearranging the equation to find things other than the magnification becomes ...AP Classroom is a free and flexible online platform that provides instructional resources for each AP course to support student learning of all course content and skills. AP Classroom r esources, including AP Daily videos, help your students learn and practice all year. Learn about all instructional resources in AP Classroom.Functional groups. Large biological molecules are generally composed of a carbon skeleton (made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms) and some other atoms, including oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. Often, these additional atoms appear in the context of functional groups. Functional groups are chemical motifs, or patterns of atoms, that …Cell, in biology, the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life and of which all living things are composed. A single cell may be a complete organism in itself, such as a bacterium, or it may acquire a specialized function, becoming a building block of a multicellular organism..

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