Gangster 1960 - By. Lee Dalgetty. The Cumbie were notorious in 1960s Glasgow. (Image: HANDOUT) An unearthed documentary from the sixties examined a rising problem at the time in Glasgow as youth gangs became more ...

 
Roberto Aspholm is to be commended for his excellent study of the remarkable transformation of gang violence among Chicago’s street gangs. The city’s major black street gangs formed between the late 1950s and the early 1960s. Virtually all of these gangs existed on the west and south sides of the city.. Jeopardy masters tonight game 1

The best of British crime and violence, currently available on YouTube.The Gangster Disciples are a criminal gang which was formed on the South-side of Chicago in the late 1960s, by Larry Hoover, leader of the High Life Supreme Gangsters, and David Barksdale, leader of the Black Disciples. The two groups united to form the Black Gangster Disciple Nation (BGDN). They later had disagreements, which led to the ...In 1960s South Central, two things were happening — young men were coming of age in low-income project housing, initially designed to house factory workers, and the civil rights movement. The Black Panther party, created after the Watts Riots of 1965 , gave older gang members a focus on fighting police brutality, all the while younger men and ...By the end of the 1960s, the majority of gangs were black or Hispanic. Migration and immigration contributed to gang membership. Large gang groups were formed, such as the Bloods, Crips and Latin Kings. In the 1960s and early 1970s, African-American “supergangs” emerged in Chicago such as the Gangster DisciplesWith that being said, the following list presents some of the most popular and notorious American gangster titles produced during the 1970s, also providing readers with different approaches and viewpoints over organized crime made in film. This is a part of a series of three articles titled American Gangster Films (1970s – 1990s).LOS ANGELES and DETROIT, Oct. 7, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- For Soccer Ventures (FSV) today announced the Black Star Initiative (BSI), a new program dev... LOS ANGELES and DETROIT, Oct. ...Ferrero remembers the Bonjo Boys and the Willow Park gang getting together for "rumbles" in the 1960s. In 1978, police documented what's now one of the oldest, still operating street gangs, the ...Meyer Lansky. A Polish gangster who was known as the Mob’s accountant, Meyer Lansky was among the organized crime figures who developed the National Crime Syndicate in the United States. He was among the most powerful and notorious gangsters of the 20th century and played a big role in operating the Italian Mafia.Key Takeaways. The 1960s saw social upheaval and personal exploration, civil rights movements, counterculture movements, rapid urbanization, insufficient public …Frank Lucas was a notorious drug trafficker from the 1960s and the 1970s. Legends state that he bought drugs from the "Golden Triangle" and smuggled them into the U.S. using …Synthetic Biologics News: This is the News-site for the company Synthetic Biologics on Markets Insider Indices Commodities Currencies StocksIn 1972, gang-related homicide complaints reached a high of 54. Between 1971 and 1979, at least 436 gang members were arrested for homicide. After the 1970-1974 period, however, gang homicides decreased appreciably. Gangs in the South Bronx were known to be ex- junkies and ex-drug users in 1971. Gangs usually made a distinction between hard and ... Murder, Inc. is a 1960 American gangster film starring Stuart Whitman, May Britt, Henry Morgan and Peter Falk.Filmed in Cinemascope and directed by Burt Balaban and Stuart Rosenberg, the film was based on the true story of Murder, Inc., a Brooklyn gang that operated in the 1930s. May 24, 2019 ... Even though women made up only 2.5 percent of those sent to prison for Mafia-linked crimes, they controlled a third of Mafia ... Gangster Era” are ...Aug 26, 2020 ... Jack Diamond Gangster (1960) (Noir d'Essai, restaurato in HD). Italian · DVD. Shipping usually within 4 to 7 working days. 1 other version ...James Cagney in Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) A gangster film or gangster movie is a film belonging to a genre that focuses on gangs and organized crime. It is a subgenre of crime film, that may involve large criminal organizations, or small gangs formed to perform a certain illegal act. The genre is differentiated from Westerns and the gangs ...May 24, 2020 ... The neo-mobster. For a few years or long months now, the figure of the gangster or the mafia man has been resurfacing not only in cross-breasted ...Gangster Era Reborn: Giuseppe Morello murder - crime scene photos. 1912 - Fortunato LoMonte (Born July 15, 1869. Killed East Harlem, NY, May 24, 1914.). ... By the early 1960s, the Bonanno Crime Family had experienced more than three decades of consistent leadership under Joseph Bonanno. But then it all began falling apart. Possible causes …Frank Lucas was a notorious drug trafficker from the 1960s and the 1970s. Legends state that he bought drugs from the "Golden Triangle" and smuggled them into the U.S. using the coffins of servicemen. His 70-year prison sentence was commuted to a 5-year sentence, after he became an informant.The Outsiders always gazed into the rear-view mirror — Francis Ford Coppola’s Cheez Whiz take on the SE Hinton novel of warring teenagers set in 1960s Tulsa, Oklahoma, was made in 1983. Of ...A far cry from the gentrified boomtown that is modern Brooklyn, the old Brooklyn of the 1960s was a gritty place defined by starkly drawn ethnic enclaves, urban decay, and devastating crime waves. In Brooklyn, as in much of America, the 1960s was a time of tumult. Government workers, from teachers to transit laborers, were striking …Building more awareness of sickle cell disease results in better treatments and prevention. Trusted Health Information from the National Institutes of Health John Tisdale, M.D. (le...The Gangster Disciples are a criminal gang which was formed on the South-side of Chicago in the late 1960s, by Larry Hoover, leader of the High Life Supreme Gangsters, and David Barksdale, leader of the Black Disciples. The two groups united to form the Black Gangster Disciple Nation (BGDN). They later had disagreements, which led to the ...Rivals. Various gangs. The 116th Street Crew, [2] also known as the Uptown Crew, [3] is a group of Italian-American mobsters within the Genovese crime family. In the early 1960s, Anthony Salerno became one of the most powerful capos in the family. Salerno based the crew in the Palma Boys Social Club located at 416 East 115th Street in East ...The Five Points, Manhattan is a location that was associated with gang activities from the early 19th century. In the late 1920s, Al Capone was the leader of the Chicago Outfit The Hells Angels outlaw motorcycle club was founded in 1948 and is considered a criminal gang by American law enforcement agencies, particularly for their involvement in drug-related activities and violent crimes.Traders may try to jump the gun, but there are several factors that may delay the traditional end-of-year stock selloff....AXSM The indices have had a furious run since October 3 a...Nicknamed "Sin City of the Midwest," Newport from the 1930s to early 1960s was considered a notorious destination for gambling, mob connections, and Hollywood royalty like Frank Sinatra, Marilyn Monroe, and Dean Martin. TIME Magazine once called Newport "a gaudy brand of gambling and prostitution." Newport was the place, even …Ferrero remembers the Bonjo Boys and the Willow Park gang getting together for "rumbles" in the 1960s. In 1978, police documented what's now one of the oldest, still operating street gangs, the ...Create a new list. List your movie, TV & celebrity picks. 1. Scarface. In 1980 Miami, a determined Cuban immigrant takes over a drug cartel and succumbs to greed. 2. The Godfather. The aging patriarch of an organized crime dynasty transfers control of his clandestine empire to his reluctant son. 3.The city’s major black street gangs formed between the late 1950s and the early 1960s. Virtually all of these gangs existed on the west and south sides of the city. In its effort to alleviate the housing shortage and better the lives of poor city residents, in the 1950s and 1960s the Chicago Housing Authority constructed more than 20,000 low ...1. The Kray twins. Ronnie and Reggie Kray, born on October 23 1933, are possibly the most notorious of London's gangster history. The twins terrorised London in the 50s and 60s with their gang, "The Firm". Murder, armed robbery, arson, protection rackets, assaults - they were involved in it all.David Barksdale would go on to become one of the founding members of the Black Disciples, one of Chicago’s most powerful gangs in the 1960s. Meanwhile, Daley was an Irish Catholic native of the ...Public Enemy #1 | Article. The Era of Gangster Films. William J. Helmer | National Archives. During the Great Depression, casting gangsters as heroes created a new film genre that symbolized...Gangs in Liverpool have been in existence since the early-19th century. There were also various sectarian 'political' gangs based in and around the city during this period. During the 1960s and 1970s, crime in Liverpool mainly focused on theft and armed-robbery. In the late 1970s, drugs became the new and most profitable way for gangs to earn money and …Criteria: These Greatest 'Gangster Movies' were chosen for their storyline, acting, direction, popularity and box office success. These films were NOT chosen for how highly rated they are overall, but how they rate in the subject of "Gangster Movies". ... Breathless) - (1960, Jean-Luc Godard) (Jean-Paul Belmondo, Jean Seberg) 27. High …Apr 30, 2024 · Why Should I Watch American Gangster: Ridley Scott's biographical crime drama delves into the life of Harlem drug kingpin Frank Lucas (Denzel Washington) during his rise to power in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Russell Crowe co-stars as Richie Roberts, an honest cop determined to take down Lucas' empire; making for a gripping cat-and-mouse ... Gangs have always been a problem in London. In the past there have been The Kray Twins, The Richardson Gang and Hoxton Mob. ... The brothers grew up together in Camberwell and later terrorised the city in the 1960s. This grisly gang were alleged to have pulled teeth out with pliers, cut off toes with bolt cutters, nail victims to the floor ...Breathless (1960) Not Rated | 90 min | Crime, Drama. 7.7. Rate. A small-time crook, hunted by the authorities for a car theft and the murder a police officer, attempts to persuade a hip American journalism student to run away with him to Italy. Director: Jean-Luc Godard | Stars: Jean-Paul Belmondo, Jean Seberg, Van Doude, Jean-Luc Godard.Mickey Spillane (mobster) Michael J. Spillane (July 13, 1933 – May 13, 1977) was an Irish-American mobster who controlled Hell's Kitchen in New York in the 1960s and 1970s. Spillane, the so-called “Gentleman Gangster", [1] was a marked contrast to the violent Westies mob members who succeeded him in Hell's Kitchen. 2. Chester Morris. Actor. Soundtrack. The Divorcee (1930) The Academy Award-nominated film actor Chester Morris, who will forever be associated with the character Boston Blackie, was born John Chester Brooks Morris on February 16 1901 in New York City, the son of actor William Morris and comedienne Etta Hawkins. Declaring War on the Mafia, The 1950s & 1960s . ... the government could no longer ignore the Mafia’s existence or insist that Italian-American crime gangs operated only on a local level.The three Ls of the Gangster Disciples is a credo that stands for “love, life and loyalty.” This code originated in Chicago in the 1980s. The three Ls are associated with two commo...An upstart gangster (Walter Matthau) moves in on another's (Bruce McFarlan) territory. Director Walter Matthau Production Co Jonathan Daniels, Swen Productions Genre Crime, Drama Original Language ...In the 1960s the Gangster Disciples and the Black Disciples operated together under the Black Gangster Disciple Nation, but after the split in 1972, the two groups violently fought over territory. The Gangster Disciples are structured similarly to corporate enterprises while the Black Disciples are structured similarly to religions.The Rise of Gangs in the 1960s. As we reflect on the turbulent decade of the 1960s, one of the most compelling and troubling phenomena that emerged was the rise of gang culture. The inception and expansion of gang activity during this period were intertwined with the broader sociopolitical landscape, significantly shaping the cities’ …Ferrero remembers the Bonjo Boys and the Willow Park gang getting together for "rumbles" in the 1960s. In 1978, police documented what's now one of the oldest, still operating street gangs, the ...There is a direct line through "Breathless" to "Bonnie and Clyde," "Badlands" and the youth upheaval of the late 1960s. The movie was a crucial influence during Hollywood's 1967-1974 golden age. ... sex and fascination with his gangster persona. Michel wants to be as tough as the stars in the movies he loves. He practices facial …Some of the most well-known and notorious gangsters of the 1940s included Al Capone, Frank Costello, Lucky Luciano, Meyer Lansky, Bugsy Siegel and Tony Accardo. These men did their...Jan 17, 2012 ... Prohibition and the Rise of the American Gangster ... 3 thoughts on “Prohibition and the Rise of the American Gangster” ... – The 1960s, – Women's ...Murder, Inc. is a 1960 American gangster film starring Stuart Whitman, May Britt, Henry Morgan and Peter Falk.Filmed in Cinemascope and directed by Burt Balaban and Stuart Rosenberg, the film was based on the true story of Murder, Inc., a Brooklyn gang that operated in the 1930s.Traders may try to jump the gun, but there are several factors that may delay the traditional end-of-year stock selloff....AXSM The indices have had a furious run since October 3 a...Synthetic Biologics News: This is the News-site for the company Synthetic Biologics on Markets Insider Indices Commodities Currencies Stocks Chicago is considered the most gang -occupied city in the United States, with 150,000 gang-affiliated denizens, [1] representing more than 100 gangs. [2] Gang warfare and retaliation is common in Chicago. Gangs were responsible for 61% of the homicides in Chicago in 2011. 27. Angels with Dirty Faces. Warner Bros. Rocky Sullivan, a gangster freshly released from prison, reunites with his best friend, Jerry Connolly. Once a pair of small-time crooks, Sullivan finds ...Blackout (1950) Not Rated | 73 min | Crime, Drama, Mystery. A blind man's sight is restored in time to solve the mystery of his girlfriend's dead (or is he) brother and a gang of currency smugglers. Director: Robert S. Baker | Stars: Maxwell Reed, Dinah Sheridan, Patric Doonan, Kynaston Reeves.Lady Gangster. Larceny, Inc. Mr. Wise Guy. Smart Alecks. 1943: The Black Raven. Clancy Street Boys. The Crime Smasher. The Dancing Masters. Hit the Ice. It Ain't Hay. The Gang's All Here. ... 1960: The Bad Sleep Well. Breathless. The Concrete Jungle. It Takes a Thief. Ocean's Eleven. The League of Gentlemen. Ma Barker's Killer Brood. Murder ...The Outsiders always gazed into the rear-view mirror — Francis Ford Coppola’s Cheez Whiz take on the SE Hinton novel of warring teenagers set in 1960s Tulsa, Oklahoma, was made in 1983. Of ...Advertising. Courtesy Drafthouse Films. 44. Why Don't You Play in Hell (2013) ‘They'll fight to the death and we'll film around it.’. Simultaneously a yakuza movie, a kung-fu flick and a love ...In the late 1960s a moral panic swept Glasgow, with media and police attention focused on new youth gangs that were younger, more violent and more dangerous than the Glasgow razor gangs of the 1920s and 1930s. By the turn of the 21st century, Glasgow had the highest number of street gangs in the UK.Director Jung Doo Hong Jee-woon Kim Stars Lee Byung-hun Shin Min-a Kim Yeong-cheol. Byung Hung Lee, star of films like 'I Saw The Devil', 'The Good, the Bad and the Weird' and 'GI Joe' stars in this film (his best) about a bodyguard at war with his boss after he botches a mission. 62. Gangster's Paradise: Jerusalema.Gangster Halloween Costumes. Get ready to bring the 1920s to life with our Gangster Costumes! Step into the shoes of a notorious mobster or a glamorous flapper. From pinstripe suits to feathered headbands, we have everything you need to create the perfect gangster look. Unleash your inner Al Capone and make a statement this Halloween!Some of the more established gangs, such as the Circus Gang and the 42 Gang, provided talent for growing traditional organized crime groups during Prohibition. In the early 1960s, the gangs’ demographics changed as did their trade when they moved into the lucrative narcotics business. And then everything changed, as these statistics show:George Cornell. 1928–1966. 1960s – 1966. Richardson Gang. Enforcer who worked for Charlie and Eddie Richardson during the 1960s. A childhood friend of the Kray Twins, he was used as a go-between by the Richardson's until his murder by Ronnie Kray at The Blind Beggar pub in 1966. [9] Frankie Fraser. 1923–2014.The almost-quaint folk quality of ritualized violence during the 1950s gave way to a wave of highly professional underworld executions in the mid-1960s. Instead of machismo, a struggle for dominion over Sydney’s illicit economy lay at the base of the later violence. While the murders of the 1950s often involved face-to-face combat, the ...Nov 29, 2016 ... My role for this part of the project i am doing research on the different costumes British gangsters use to where in the 1960's and how the ...The Rise and Fall of Legs Diamond (1960) During the Prohibition Era, small-time thug Jack Diamond gets a job working for the famous Jewish mob boss Arnold Rothstein. The Don nicknames him Legs ...Chicago is considered the most gang -occupied city in the United States, with 150,000 gang-affiliated denizens, [1] representing more than 100 gangs. [2] Gang warfare and retaliation is common in Chicago. Gangs were responsible for 61% of the homicides in Chicago in 2011.Rivals. Various gangs. The 116th Street Crew, [2] also known as the Uptown Crew, [3] is a group of Italian-American mobsters within the Genovese crime family. In the early 1960s, Anthony Salerno became one of the most powerful capos in the family. Salerno based the crew in the Palma Boys Social Club located at 416 East 115th Street in East ...Frank Lucas was a notorious drug trafficker from the 1960s and the 1970s. Legends state that he bought drugs from the "Golden Triangle" and smuggled them into the U.S. using …Gangs in Liverpool have been in existence since the early-19th century. There were also various sectarian 'political' gangs based in and around the city during this period. [1] During the 1960s and 1970s, crime in Liverpool mainly focused on theft and armed-robbery. In the late 1970s, drugs became the new and most profitable way for gangs to ...Amazon, Target, and other companies are hiring seasonal jobs right now. Here’s a list of openings and how much each company pays. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newslette...The Five Points, Manhattan is a location that was associated with gang activities from the early 19th century. In the late 1920s, Al Capone was the leader of the Chicago Outfit The Hells Angels outlaw motorcycle club was founded in 1948 and is considered a criminal gang by American law enforcement agencies, particularly for their involvement in drug-related activities and violent crimes.In the late 1960s, The Disciple Nation lead by David Barksdale (pictured below), and the Gangster Nation lead by Hoover merged to form The Black Gangster Disciple Nation. Under the leadership of ...The Outsiders always gazed into the rear-view mirror — Francis Ford Coppola’s Cheez Whiz take on the SE Hinton novel of warring teenagers set in 1960s Tulsa, Oklahoma, was made in 1983. Of ...Depression-era gangsters in Oklahoma. BY RON JACKSON. 0:04. 0:37. A caravan of cars had traveled the dusty road from Sallisaw. Many people brought lunches they ate atop tombstones, or bags of peanuts they munched in the presence of the grieving family. Sequoyah County sheriff’s deputies tried in vain to keep the crush of humanity at … By the mid-1960s, several gang niches had developed throughout the city: black gangs like the Blackstone Rangers and Vice Lords pervaded the South and West Sides, respectively; Puerto Rican gangs such as the Latin Kings dominated the Humboldt Park area on the Northwest Side; and Mexican gangs like the Latin Counts filled the Pilsen area around ... 11.6k Views 24. The 1960s was the era of major unemployment in the history of the city, as coal mines, street works and heavy industries went out of business. The crime rates were also high, especially the new youth gangs that were younger and more violent than the Razor gangs of the 1920s. The tram system was closed in 1962 On the final day of ...In 1960, after years of oddsmaking success, his name showed up on lists of known gamblers by the Chicago Crime Commission, so Lefty split for Miami. There, the Senate’s McClellan Committee on gambling and organized crime started to pressure him, and he was called to testify. ... Estelle Carey, girlfriend of Chicago gangster Nick …Beginning in the mid-1960s, the violence in my neighborhood escalated, and by 1970, a major gang war had erupted. Organized criminal groups (Tongs) were instigating it. At stake was the...The greatest works of art — and Francis Ford Coppola’s 1972 masterpiece, The Godfather, is absolutely one of them — carry down through subsequent generations a kind of inevitabilit...

The most common gangster cars of the Great Depression and 1930s were rounded-body, four-door sedans, like Al Capone’s famous bulletproof 1928 Cadillac Town Sedan. Of course, brazen rule-breakers drove getaway cars outside of urban organized crime in the 1930s. For instance, the iconic 1934 Ford Model 40 B Fordor Deluxe “Death …. Busted mugshots burleigh county

gangster 1960

In the early 1960s, Joseph Valachi, a soldier in the Luciano “family” organization, took a starring role in later televised hearings. ... Unlike previous gangster films, “The Godfather ...Robert De Niro plays a protective father who disapproves of his son’s close bond with the town’s local gangster (played by Chazz Palminteri) in this 1960s Bronx-set film. From 'The Godfather ...By the end of the 1960s, the majority of gangs were black or Hispanic. Migration and immigration contributed to gang membership. Large gang groups were formed, such as the Bloods, Crips and Latin Kings. In the 1960s and early 1970s, African-American “supergangs” emerged in Chicago such as the Gangster DisciplesProbably the best-known gangsters in British history, twins Ronald and Reginald Kray headed an underworld empire that ruled the East End of London by fear in the 1950s and 1960s. The Krays courted celebrity, regularly entertaining actors, pop stars and sportsmen in Esmeralda’s Barn, their Knightsbridge gambling club.The Boston Irish Gang Wars would leave a trail of heartbreak in their wake as the violence intensified, killing scores and severing families forever, per the New England Historical Society. Assassinations, gang shootouts, and car bombs gripped the daily lives of Bostonians. Dread reigned supreme in the city, leaving a grim legacy in Boston's ...Ferrero remembers the Bonjo Boys and the Willow Park gang getting together for "rumbles" in the 1960s. In 1978, police documented what's now one of the oldest, still operating street gangs, the ... By the mid-1960s, several gang niches had developed throughout the city: black gangs like the Blackstone Rangers and Vice Lords pervaded the South and West Sides, respectively; Puerto Rican gangs such as the Latin Kings dominated the Humboldt Park area on the Northwest Side; and Mexican gangs like the Latin Counts filled the Pilsen area around ... In 1960s South Central, two things were happening — young men were coming of age in low-income project housing, initially designed to house factory workers, and the civil rights movement. The Black Panther party, created after the Watts Riots of 1965 , gave older gang members a focus on fighting police brutality, all the while younger men and ...Top women of organized crime. Men have dominated the history of organized crime as bosses, capos, soldiers and associates. They traditionally relegated women to servile roles as prostitutes, shills, dancers and servers. America’s La Cosa Nostra and Sicily’s Mafia are old-style patriarchies.Blackout (1950) Not Rated | 73 min | Crime, Drama, Mystery. A blind man's sight is restored in time to solve the mystery of his girlfriend's dead (or is he) brother and a gang of currency smugglers. Director: Robert S. Baker | Stars: Maxwell Reed, Dinah Sheridan, Patric Doonan, Kynaston Reeves.Tammany Hall was a New York City political organization that functioned from 1786 to 1960. It was a political machine for the Democratic Party that helped control New York City and State including party nominations and patronage. The most famous period of Tammany Hall was when it was under the control of William M. Tweed, also known as "Boss ...David Barksdale would go on to become one of the founding members of the Black Disciples, one of Chicago’s most powerful gangs in the 1960s. Meanwhile, Daley was an Irish Catholic native of the ...James Cagney in Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) A gangster film or gangster movie is a film belonging to a genre that focuses on gangs and organized crime. It is a subgenre of crime film, that may involve large criminal organizations, or small gangs formed to perform a certain illegal act. The genre is differentiated from Westerns and the gangs ...Frank Lucas (September 9, 1930 – May 30, 2019) was an American drug lord who operated in Harlem, New York City, during the late 1960s and early 1970s. He was known for cutting out middlemen in the drug trade and buying heroin directly from his source in the Golden Triangle in Southeast Asia.Nurullah Tevfik Ağansoy (1960–1996) Alaattin Çakıcı (born 1953) Abdullah Çatlı (1956–1996) Sedat Peker (born 1971) Mahmut Yıldırım (born 1951) Kürşat Yılmaz; United Kingdom Liverpool. Tommy "Tacker" Comerford (1933–2003) Paul Grimes (born 1950) John Haase (born 1948) Sean Mercer; Michael Showers (born 1945) Curtis "Cocky ...2. Chester Morris. Actor. Soundtrack. The Divorcee (1930) The Academy Award-nominated film actor Chester Morris, who will forever be associated with the character Boston Blackie, was born John Chester Brooks Morris on February 16 1901 in New York City, the son of actor William Morris and comedienne Etta Hawkins.1960 Gang Killings. June 20, 1960 – Michael Pereira, a member of a Williamsburg gang called the Young Lords, which was part of the notorious Phantom Lords a well-known gang also from Williamsburg, stabbed Nelson Rosado in the chest, killing him. Rosado was a member of the Young Burners, the Little People part of the Hellburners. September 23 ...The history of gangs in South Africa goes back to the Apartheid era. Many South African gangs began, and still exist, in urban areas. This includes cities like Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and Johannesburg. Cape Town has between 90 and 130 gangs [1] with the South African Police Service stating a total estimated membership of 100,000..

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