2024 How to date canning jars

For fruits and vegetables, the average family of four will need about 24 half-pint jars, 16 pint jars, or 8 quart jars. If pickling is factored in, then that number could increase by about 50%. For jams and jellies, a family of four would need 12 to 18 eight-ounce jars. And finally, for salsa and other tomato products, a family of four would .... La caravana salvadorian restaurant menu

The manufacturer of metal stamped jar tops, rubber jar rings, and glass jars for packing, founded in 1991, also produced zinc blanks used to make pennies. Revenues for Kerr hit in the normal range for the struggling company, at …How To - sterilise jars. Watch on. 1) Preheat oven to 275 degrees Fahrenheit. 2) Wash jars and lids with warm, soapy water. Rinse well. 3) Place jars upside down on a baking sheet lined with a clean towel or piece of parchment paper. 4) Bake for 30 minutes.Jun 13, 2022 · Use our tips and charts to learn how to date & identify Mason Jars by their logo, embossed phrases, & color. For fruits and vegetables, the average family of four will need about 24 half-pint jars, 16 pint jars, or 8 quart jars. If pickling is factored in, then that number could increase by about 50%. For jams and jellies, a family of four would need 12 to 18 eight-ounce jars. And finally, for salsa and other tomato products, a family of four would ...Oct 29, 2023 · To date a Kerr Mason jar, look for the embossed logo on the glass. Kerr jars typically have “Kerr” written on the side or base. You can also check the closure type; older ones have glass lids and metal bails, while newer ones feature screw-on metal lids. Online resources can help you determine the jar’s age. 1. Water Bath Canning. Water bath canning is the method to can high acid foods. This includes foods such as fruits, tomatoes, pickles, jams and jellies, and fruit juices just to name a few. When water canning, take your prepared jars and place them in the canner. You will need to fill the canner with water so that the jars are completely covered.To keep contents safe and delicious, consider the following 5 factors: Climate Control: The storage spot you select should never allow your jars to freeze or peak above normal room temperature. 50-70 degrees Fahrenheit is recommended for most canned food storage. Be aware of microclimates in your house.The Homestead Canning Cookbook at Amazon ($16) Jump to Review. Best for Pressure Canning: The All New Ball Book of Canning and Preserving at Amazon ($16) Jump to Review. Best Canning and ...The Hazel-Atlas Company was an actual company from 1902 to 1964. They made actual Mason jars for home canning. But the Atlas "Mason" jars that you see now pasta sauces, etc., sold in are not actually made as actual, genuine Mason jars. Aug 3, 2015 - Kerr self-sealing jars and the Kerr Economy were created in 1903.In the early 1700s, cooked meats were preserved over short periods of time by covering them with a layer of fat, also to protect them from the evils of air, notes Crosby. But it was Napoleon and the French government that really changed everything. Hoping to find a more effective way to feed his troops, a prize of 12,000 francs was offered to ...Golden Harvest Mason jars are made in metric sizes of 1 litre, ½ litre (500 ml) and ¼ litre (250 ml). The ¼ litre ( ½ pint / 250 ml ) size is straight-sided; the other two are shouldered-jars. All three have regular width mouths, and will work with regular-mouth Mason jar lids from all manufacturers, including Tattler.Use a Butter Knife. Another easy way to loosen that stubborn lid is with a knife. You can use a butter knife or, like me, use a knife with a sharper edge. This makes it easier to fit beneath the rim of the jar lid. Gently push up to break the seal. As soon as the air flows out you can open the rest of the lid.Peaches are a delicious fruit that are in season during the summer months. If you have an abundance of peaches from your farm or local market, canning them into peach jam is a grea...In making them, cake batter is poured into canning jars, which are then baked in the oven. When the cake is deemed cooked by the cook, the jars are taken out of the oven, metal lids slapped on right away, and as the cake and jar cools a vacuum (usually) forms, creating a sealed jar. ... Healthy Canning has been unable to date (2016) to find any ...Store canning lids in their original containers in a clean, cool, dry place. Rotate, using first in-first out method. Dispose of any canning lids that are damaged, rotted (rubber seals), rusted, or dented. Be sure canning rings are clean, dry, and free of food particles before storing them. Food particles may attract insects and other critters.Canning Jar Glass Metal Lids Rubber Seals Atlas Ball Boyd Presto Vintage (707) Sale Price $10.50 $ 10.50 $ 14.00 Original Price $14.00 (25% off) FREE shipping Add to Favorites Vintage Presto Supreme Mason Jar… vintage lid. One quart. Beautiful old jar. Great condition ...Watch on. Place jars on a baking sheet and preheat oven to 350 degrees F. Clean the rims of the jars with a damp paper towel. Place lids on jars and screw on rings until fingertip-tight. Fill a large pot with water and place over high heat. Carefully lower in prepared jars. Boil for 10 minutes to seal the lids.Oct 29, 2023 · To date a Kerr Mason jar, look for the embossed logo on the glass. Kerr jars typically have “Kerr” written on the side or base. You can also check the closure type; older ones have glass lids and metal bails, while newer ones feature screw-on metal lids. Online resources can help you determine the jar’s age. Wash jars (even if new) and place on a rack in a boiling water canner. Cover jars with water heat water to simmer (180°F/82°C). Keep jars hot until ready to use. Set screw caps aside. Set up your "filling station" and have your non-metallic funnel, your ladle, paper towels, tongs and screw bands at the ready. In 1884, we lived in a world where gasoline powered automobiles, radio players, and even paper clips didn’t exist. But the year was marked by one very special creation: the Ball ® Jar! Get Creative.Generally jars are presumed to have a life of 10 years. But my personal opinion is the life of the jar varies depending upon usage and treatment. The lid goo will soften with soaking in good, hot soapy water. Then I use Dobie or other plastic (non-abrasive) pads to remove it.Sterilize: Wash the jars and the lids very thoroughly. Place the jars on a baking tray and sterilize them in the oven for 20 minutes. Cook the lids in boiling water for a few minutes. Leave to cool slightly; the …Atlas Mason jars, renowned for their durability and quality, gained popularity during their production years as homemakers relied on them for canning and preserving …Same Day Delivery Eligible. Add to Cart. Compare. New! Anchor Hocking 1/2 Pint Regular Mouth Home Canning Jar Tray (12 Jars With Metal Lids and Bands Per Tray) SKU: 236235499. 5 (1) $10.99. Standard Delivery.The Hazel-Atlas Company was an actual company from 1902 to 1964. They made actual Mason jars for home canning. But the Atlas "Mason" jars that you see now pasta sauces, etc., sold in are not actually made as actual, genuine Mason jars.Wide-mouth jars. The diameter of wide-mouth canning jars are 3.38 inches (8.6 centimeters) when measured from edge to edge. Easy to fill and clean, wide-mouth mason jars are a popular choice. They're great for fitting in large pieces of fruits (like peach halves ), and whole vegetables. Wide-mouth jars are also easier to scoop frozen foods from.Repurpose any damaged jars as they would not be suitable for canning. 2. Fill the Pot. Place empty jars right side up in a stock pot or on the water-bath canner rack. Fill your water-bath canner or stock pot with hot but not boiling water to 1 inch above the jars and a few inches below the lip of the pot or canner. 3.WIDE Mouth Mason Jar Lids [8 Pack] for Ball, Kerr and More - Colored Plastic Storage Caps for Mason/Canning Jars - Leak-Proof. $6.99 $ 6. 99. Get it as soon as Tuesday, Apr 9. ... #18 in Canning Jars: Date First Available : September 3, 2019 : Warranty & Support . Amazon.com Return Policy: ...Heritage Hill Jar: This iconic jar with a wide mouth and a thick, sturdy base has been a staple for home canning and storage for generations. Montana Jar: Known for its large capacity and durable construction, the Montana jar is a favorite for storing bulk food items and creating eye-catching displays.In the photos below, I am canning marinara sauce. Step 1: Fill the waterbath canner and heat the water to a boil. Make sure you put the rack in the bottom of the canner before filling it. The water level needs to be 1-2 inches above the jars. Step 2: Wash your jars, rims, and lids. Only sterilize jars, if necessary.Place the lids in a bowl full of distilled white vinegar. Leave it to soak for a while, or at least until you see all of the rust disappear. If, even after a while, the rust is still persisting, then take a steel wool scrubber to scrub off any of the remaining orange.These jars date to the 1850s and remained popular through 1912, but they were especially difficult to open. And then, to the rescue, came New Yorker John Mason. The key to the success of his Mason jar was the... Shop for-and learn about-Antique Fruit and Canning Jars. The evolution of fruit or canning jars parallels the science of food ...Watch on. How Do You Date a Kerr Jar? Kerr jars are one of the most popular and collectible canning jars on the market. Dating these jars can be a bit tricky, but if you …Jul 24, 2018 - Ball mason jars are a type of home canning jar made by the Ball Corporation. The company started making mason jars back in 1880, and many people today still use these for canning, or collect the jars as a hobby. There are many ways to date...Remove white from sections. Pack jar with oranges. leave a 1/2 inch headspace. Cover with hot syrup, leaving 1/2" headspace. Remove air bubbles, wipe the rim clean, and place on seal and ring. Place jar in the warm canner. Proceed to fill all jars. Process according to steam or water bath canning instructions.2. Wash the jars and bottles. Use hot water and dish soap to thoroughly wash the jars and bottles you plan to sterilize. Make sure they are completely free of dried pieces of food and other debris. Wash the lids as well. They must be scrupulously clean. 3. Place equipment in a deep pot.Typically, the purpose of canning lids is to create a tight and secure seal on the jars during the canning process. This seal prevents harmful bacteria and other microorganisms from entering the jar and spoiling your delicious canned goods. A lid is made up of a metal top and a rubber gasket or seal that creates the seal when heated and cooled.Mar 2, 2021 · Bring the water to a rolling boil and lower the jars nestled in the rack into the water and cover the kettle. Set the timer for 10 minutes for most jams, jellies, and chutneys, slightly longer for fruits and pickles, or follow the instructions in the recipe. There were two separate factories in the early years, one for fruit jars and the other for bottles. The fruit jar factory was purchased by Ball Brother Glass Manufacturing Company in 1908, and operated by Ball until it was closed in 1912 or 1913. Root Glass Company was bought by Owens-Illinois Glass Company in 1932. Later the plant became part of the American-Wheaton Glass Corporation.Fill your pot or canner halfway with water, enough to cover the jars by at least 1-inch. Place your prepared jars of jams or preserves into the canner, cover with lid, adjust the heat, and bring water to a rolling boil. Process according to your recipe, only counting time after the water is boiling.That patent date appeared on Mason (and other) canning jars right up until the 1920's. Most of the time that date embossed on the front of a jar has very little relation to its true age. A. A shoulder seal jar, "Mason's Patent Pending Nov. 30th 1858," in the 1/2 gallon size. These were machine made from 1890-1915. B.Wash jars (even if new) and place on a rack in a boiling water canner. Cover jars with water heat water to simmer (180°F/82°C). Keep jars hot until ready to use. Set screw caps aside. Set up your "filling station" and have your non-metallic funnel, your ladle, paper towels, tongs and screw bands at the ready.Check the bottom of the ball jar to find the manufacturer's logo. Look for a three-digit number in the bottom center of the logo. This number corresponds to the year the jar was made. If there is no three-digit number, look for a four-digit number below the Ball logo. The first two digits of this number correspond to the year the jar was made.Drain the hot jars one at a time ( .. ). For sterilizing jars in the oven, put them in at 220°F oven for twenty minutes. To sterilize your jars in the microwave, wet the jars and turn the microwave to high for one minute. The jars are now ready for canning applesauce, canning sauerkraut, or any other fruit or vegetable you want to preserve.2. Center the cellophane over the top of the jar and secure it in place with tape or an elastic band. 3. Begin wrapping the cellophane around the jar, making sure to smooth out any wrinkles as you go. Once you reach the end of the cellophane, secure it in place with another piece of tape or an elastic band. 4.Mar 4, 2020 ... This video discusses and challenges the myth of the antique lucky / unlucky “rare” number 13 Ball blue perfect mason jar coveted by many ...Pricing Vintage & Antique Canning Jars. I'm not an expert on antique canning jars, but I've been told that the "Red Book" is the book to go to for valuing your old Mason jars. In the Red Book, my Pine jar above is listed as 2367… worth maybe 4 to 6 dollars. Old…but not really old.Step 1 - Preparing for canning. Thoroughly clean your jars and bottles with warm water and soap and rinse well. Check each jar and bottle for cracks and damages and make sure the lids are sealing tight. Pick a large heat resistant pot or deep tray (if you have a canner pot, that's awesome!) and lay a clean towel on the bottom.Leave an inch of headspace, and pour the brine into the jar rim. Use a pressure canner next or cook the okra in a hot water bath to decrease bacteria growth. A canning pot with boiling water helps. Fill the jars in a canning rack, pouring the boiling water to cover each jar’s lid.Simply boil water in a kettle and pour it into the candle jar, leaving at least an inch of space at the top. The wax will melt and rise to the surface as it cools down. Then, …Aug 13, 2019 ... Surprising Value Found in Mason Jars | You Won't Believe the Moonshiner's Connection! ... Classico ATLAS Mason Jars Re-Use for Canning? | Useful ...Remove the skins by blanching tomatoes. Using a blanching basket, add tomatoes to boiling water for approximately 1 minute or until skins split. Place tomatoes in cold water to cool immediately, use your hands to slip the skins off. Add peeled tomatoes to large stockpot and bring to a boil.3. To seal the jars without boiling them, simply screw on the lid and ring finger-tight. Then, using a pair of tongs, lower the jar into a pot of simmering water (the water should come up to about an inch below the neck of the jar). Leave the jar in the pot for 10 minutes to allow the heat to seal the lid. 4.That sticky residue is the result of the liquid loss. If your jars are sticky but the seals are good, there is nothing to worry about. Once the jars are completely cool, remove the rings and gently wash the sealed jars in warm, soapy water. Let them air dry and store in a cool, dark place. If your jars are sealed, but have lost a lot of liquid ...Wide applications: these canning jar lifter tongs can be applied for almost canning jars, from small glass jars and jelly jars to standard-sized and larger canning jars, bringing more convenience to families and food production ... #94 in Canning Kits: Date First Available : July 23, 2020 : Warranty & Support . Product Warranty: For warranty ...Fill your canner about 1/3 -1/2 full of water. Heat water until hot, not boiling. If processing time is less than 10 minutes, you will need to sterilize your jars. Most water bath canning recipes call for at least 10 minutes of processing time so all you need to do is have warm, clean jars.If using an oxygen absorber, place it in the bottom of the jar before filling. Fill the jar completely. You may need to use a funnel. Clean rim with a damp cloth to ensure a good seal. Secure the lid by hand tightening. Label the lid with contents and date; One of the things I love about glass bottles is that I can easily visualize the contents.Hi Ruthanne, all Kerr "Self Sealing" Kerr jars are machine-made. The 1915 date is a patent date (not the date the jar was made) and was marked on many Kerr jars for a long time after 1915. The jars will have vertical mold seams that extend all the way to the top of the jar. That is true of most (not all, but most) machine-made glass containers.Choose a Cool, Dry, Dark Place for Canning Storage. Keeping jars cool will help retain the quality of the food you've preserved. Temperatures between 50°F and 70°F (10 to 21 C) are ideal. The contents of jars stored on shelves exposed to daylight can oxidize more quickly and lose some vitamins. They may also fade in color.YEBODA 9 Pack Wide Mouth Mason Jars 10 oz Glass Canning Jars with Airtight Lids and Bands for Preserving, Jam, Honey, Jelly, Wedding Favors, Shower Favors, Sauces, DIY Spice Jars. 982. 300+ bought in past month. $1899 ($2.11/Count) Save 5% with coupon. FREE delivery Fri, Apr 5 on $35 of items shipped by Amazon.Once a can is opened, the tomatoes should be transferred to an airtight container if not used immediately, and refrigerated. Under these conditions, they can last for 5-7 days. Unopened cans are shelf-stable for 18 to 24 months, though they remain safe beyond this period if the can's seal is not compromised.Cook in boiling water for 2 minutes and drain. For canning whole (baby) potatoes - choose small potatoes that are 1-2 inches in diameter. Cook peeled potatoes in boiling water for 10 minutes and drain. Add 3 quarts of water to your pressure canner and put it on a burner set to high. Make sure there is a canning rack in the bottom of the canner.Temperature and Humidity Requirements. Proper storage conditions play a crucial role in maintaining the quality and longevity of canned tomatoes. When it comes to temperature, it’s important to store canned tomatoes in a cool and dry environment. Aim for a consistent temperature between 50°F (10°C) and 70°F (21°C). 1. Preheat your oven to 250 degrees Fahrenheit. 2. Wash your jars in hot, soapy water, and then rinse them well. 3. Place the jars upside down on a baking sheet, and put them in the oven for about 30 minutes. This will help to sterilize the jars and get rid of any potential contaminants. 4. Water. If you have a stuck jar lid, try running warm water on the middle of the lid for about 30-60 seconds to loosen up the lid. The heat spreads to the edges making it easier to pop the lid off. Dry off your jar with a kitchen towel and try popping it off using one of the above tools. Alternatively, you can try setting the jar in a bowl of ...Here's how to vacuum seal mason jars in just a few easy steps. First, make sure that your Mason jars are clean and dry before you start. Next, fit the lid of the vacuum sealer onto the mouth of the jar. Press down on the lid to create a tight seal. Turn on the vacuum sealer and let it run until the jar is fully sealed.The value of old canning jars, including Mason, Kerr and Ball jars, is determined by the jar’s embossing, closure, color, size, age and condition, according to Collectors Weekly. A...1 1/2 Pints (maybe? about 7 inches high.) 1957. 2 Pints (again, maybe. Also 7 inches high, but the jar is wide until the 6-inch mark before it starts to slim.) Crown 1933, 1941, 1943, 1944, 1948, 1949, 2 dateless. Corona 2 dateless. 5 Pints? (9 inches high) 1953. I have more jars that I need values on, so please view my posts if you know about ...Mason jars are often used for canning jellies, veggies and other foods. As it turns out, there are many craft ideas using old mason jars in various sizes. Wash and dry the jars so ...The Weck canning jar system consists of glass jars, glass lids, tabbed rubber gaskets (sealing rings) and metal clamps. ... An enamelled Weck promotional sign, date uncertain. Berthold Werner / wikimedia.com / 2015 / CC BY-SA 3.0 CC BY-SA 3.0. In 1951, Franzjosef's grandfather Georg van Eyck died, age 82. Watch on. Place jars on a baking sheet and preheat oven to 350 degrees F. Clean the rims of the jars with a damp paper towel. Place lids on jars and screw on rings until fingertip-tight. Fill a large pot with water and place over high heat. Carefully lower in prepared jars. Boil for 10 minutes to seal the lids. Rinse well and set aside to air dry. Fill your canning pot with water and place on the stove over high heat. Place your prepared jars in the canning pot, making sure they are covered with at least an inch of water. Bring the water to a boil and let simmer for 10 minutes to sterilize the jars.Pour about 1/2 cup white vinegar into your canning pot when you first set it up. Whether the residue on the jars is minerals from hard water or particulate matter from your canning rack, adding vinegar to the water will help keep it off the jars and prevent build-up on the inside of your canner. Make it part of your canning routine this summer ...Jun 10, 2020 ... These jars were produced from about 1910 to 1930. Dating these jars can be quite difficult, as the logos changed several times. This chart ...The general rule is to boil the jars for 10 minutes. This will ensure that all of the bacteria is killed and your food will be safe to eat. If you are canning at a higher altitude, you may need to boil the jars for a longer period of time. Consult a canning guide or cookbook for specific instructions.Fill your pot or canner halfway with water, enough to cover the jars by at least 1-inch. Place your prepared jars of jams or preserves into the canner, cover with lid, adjust the heat, and bring water to a rolling boil. Process according to your recipe, only counting time after the water is boiling.Using the Paraffin Wax Sealing Method To Seal A Jar. To seal a jar using paraffin wax, melt the wax in a pan placed on a boiling pot of water. Pour the wax into the prepared jars by the spoonful until it’s almost to the brim. Let it cool to an opaque white before putting on the lid. Whether this is a safe method of canning is still being debated.How to can. Prepare a water bath. Use a pot that is deep and wide enough for a canning rack or basket (which holds the jars in place). Make sure that the lid to the pot can sit snugly on top with ...Golden Harvest Mason jars are made in metric sizes of 1 litre, ½ litre (500 ml) and ¼ litre (250 ml). The ¼ litre ( ½ pint / 250 ml ) size is straight-sided; the other two are shouldered-jars. All three have regular width mouths, and will work with regular-mouth Mason jar lids from all manufacturers, including Tattler.2) Clean the jars and lids with warm, soapy water. Rinse well. 3) Place the jars upside down on a clean towel to air dry completely. 4) Place lids in a separate bowl or on a plate. 5) If using regular mouth canning lids and rings, heat them in a pot of boiling water for 10 minutes.Leave an inch of headspace, and pour the brine into the jar rim. Use a pressure canner next or cook the okra in a hot water bath to decrease bacteria growth. A canning pot with boiling water helps. Fill the jars in a canning rack, pouring the boiling water to cover each jar's lid.Use the Mason Jar Size Chart below to help you select the mouth opening and jar shape that fit your needs. If you choose to process the recipe in a jar smaller than a quart but larger than a pint canning jar, follow the processing time given for quarts. If your jar selection is smaller than a pint, follow the processing time given for pints.First, make sure that the rim of the jar is clean and free of any debris. Next, place a lid on the jar and screw on the ring until it is tight. Finally, place the jar upside down on a towel and let it sit for 24 hours. After 24 hours, check to make sure that the lid is sealed by pressing down on it.

The maker of the jar is Hazel Atlas. They started making canning jars in 1858. By 1930 they were one of three major canning manufacturers along with Ball and Owens-Illinois. Unfortunately I don't have a value or exact date of this particular jar. Is the jar numbered on the bottom? CuevasE, 14 years ago valleyboy, thank you for the information .... Amiibo file

Discover the secrets of home canning with Kerr jars, caps and lids in this classic booklet that covers everything from spoilage prevention to yield estimation. Whether you want to can fruits, vegetables, meats, soups, or preserves, you will find easy and reliable instructions here.Carefully spoon the hot wax into the headspace in the jars. It will have a watery appearance while it is hot. Fill the jar with wax until it is level with the rim. The wax may start looking opaque as it begins to cool. Before it cools completely, quickly place the lids on top of the wax and seal it tightly.Most of the typical earlier Ball Perfect Mason jars in aqua or Ball Blue are marked with a mold number between 0 and 15 on the bottom. On some jar variants, (such as the first BALL embossing variant on these jars, “Logo 5” in chart shown below, used circa 1913-1923 on BPM jars), the number may be accompanied by a letter to the right, such …Fill your canner about 1/3 -1/2 full of water. Heat water until hot, not boiling. If processing time is less than 10 minutes, you will need to sterilize your jars. Most water bath canning recipes call for at least 10 minutes of processing time so all you need to do is have warm, clean jars.7) Remove your hot jars from the water bath and fill with the hot syrup. Leave 1/4-inch headspace. Wipe the rims and add your lids and rings. Process in the canner for 10 minutes. Turn off the canner and let it sit 5 minutes with the lid off. Then remove the jars and let them cool on a wooden board.It is assumed that most of the earlier versions of these liners have the name “BOYD’S” or “BOYD” embossed on them. Later versions may or may not have the name included in the lettering. Typical zinc Mason jar lids with milk glass discs in place. The upper one is marked “ATLAS” on the front. The one showing the disc (on lower left ...Kerr Vintage 1920s - 1930s Economy Wide Mouth Quart. No reviews No questions. $31.99. Kerr Vintage 1940s Round Body 'Self Sealing' (Trade Mark Reg.) Regular Mouth Quart Sold Out. A Brief History of Kerr Mason Jars The Kerr Glass Manufacturing Co. began in Portland, OR in 1904. Though it was not actually a manufacturer at its inception, Kerr ...Jul 24, 2018 - Ball mason jars are a type of home canning jar made by the Ball Corporation. The company started making mason jars back in 1880, and many people today still use these for canning, or collect the jars as a hobby. There are many ways to date...Tradition: The use of the term 'canning' carries a sense of tradition and nostalgia, connecting us to the past and the evolution of food preservation techniques. So, we've journeyed through the history of the term 'canning', from its beginnings with tin cans to its modern-day association with glass jars. The term has endured, evolving alongside ...Most antique Atlas Mason jars fall in the $10-$20 range, depending on the model, color, size, and condition of the jar. However, some are more expensive, and we decided to check several online websites to find what are the prices of the more popular models. Model Name. Lowest Price.Recycling is not only good for the environment, but it can also be a great way to earn some extra cash. If you’re wondering where you can recycle cans for money near you, this arti...Jun 10, 2020 ... Hi there! This is just a quick chit chat video for those who are new on their canning journey, who may have a few basic questions about ....

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