Salary calculator texas - taxes. The Texas Comptroller's office serves the state by collecting, processing, administering, or overseeing 100 separate taxes, fees, assessments, and program applications, including local sales taxes collected on behalf of more than 1,700 Texas cities, counties, and other local governments.

 
This powerful tool does all the gross-to-net calculations to estimate take-home (net) pay in any part of the United States. Hourly Paycheck Calculator. Enter up to six different hourly rates to estimate after-tax wages for hourly employees. Gross Pay Calculator. Plug in the amount of money you'd like to take home each pay period and this .... Secor funeral willard ohio

The Tax Withholding Estimator doesn't ask for personal information such as your name, social security number, address or bank account numbers. We don't save or record the information you enter in the estimator. For details on how to protect yourself from scams, see Tax Scams/Consumer Alerts. Check your W-4 tax withholding with the IRS Tax ...Calculate your estimated amount of Texas Workers Comp Income Benefits. TIBs, IIBs. SIBs, LIBs Calculator.Use ADP’s tool to calculate net or “take home” pay for hourly or salaried employees in Texas. Enter wages, tax withholdings and other information and get general guidance and estimates.taxes. The Texas Comptroller's office serves the state by collecting, processing, administering, or overseeing 100 separate taxes, fees, assessments, and program applications, including local sales taxes collected on behalf of more than 1,700 Texas cities, counties, and other local governments.SmartAsset's Texas paycheck calculator shows your hourly and salary income after federal, state and local taxes. Enter your info to see your take home pay.As the saying goes, it’s never too early to start thinking about retirement planning. As part of that planning, you’re probably anticipating drawing an income from sources other th...Use SmartAsset's Tax Return Calculator to see how your income, withholdings, deductions and credits impact your tax refund or balance due amount. This calculator is updated with rates, brackets and other information for your 2023 taxes, which you'll file in 2024. Details. Federal Withholding. Your Tax Return Breakdown. Total Income. Adjustments. Step 3: enter an amount for dependents.The old W4 used to ask for the number of dependents. The new W4 asks for a dollar amount. Here’s how to calculate it: If your total income will be $200k or less ($400k if married) multiply the number of children under 17 by $2,000 and other dependents by $500. Add up the total. Federal Income Tax Withholding From Payments That Are Not Wages. There are some types of pay (both cash and non-cash) that must be reported as taxable wages, but are not subject to withholding. The most common example for state employees is the imputed value of life insurance in amounts above $50,000. An employee can have up to $50,000 of life ...To try it out, enter the employee’s name and location into our free online payroll calculator and select the salary pay type option. Then enter the employee’s gross salary amount. Input any additional pay like bonuses or commissions. Then use the employee’s Form W-4 to fill in their state and federal tax information.Calculation Process: Once you input your income, the calculator will automatically apply the current tax rates and brackets for 2022 to determine the amount of income tax due. Reviewing Results: The calculator will display your estimated income tax liability. This is the amount you would be expected to pay based on the provided income.The minimum wage in Texas means that a full-time worker can expect to earn the following sums as a minimum before tax . These assume a 40-hour working week: $290.00 per working week. $1,256.67 per month. $15,080.00 per annum.The average Dietitian salary in Texas is $68,261 as of March 26, 2024, but the range typically falls between $62,131 and $75,010. Salary ranges can vary widely depending on the city and many other important factors, including education, certifications, additional skills, the number of years you have spent in your profession.Summary. If you make $104,000 a year living in the region of Texas, USA, you will be taxed $23,668. That means that your net pay will be $80,332 per year, or $6,694 per month. Your average tax rate is 22.8% and your marginal tax rate is 31.3%. This marginal tax rate means that your immediate additional income will be taxed at this rate.Apr 24, 2024 · Step 6 – Your paycheck. For the final step, divide your net pay by your pay frequency. The following is the formula for each pay frequency: Daily – Your net pay / Days worked per week / Weeks worked per year = Your daily paycheck. Weekly – Your net pay / 52 = Your weekly paycheck. The gross pay in the hourly calculator is calculated by multiplying the hours times the rate. You can add multiple rates. This calculator will take a gross pay and calculate the net pay, which is the employee’s take-home pay. Gross pay - Taxes - Benefits/deductions = Net Pay. The Texas tax calculator is updated for the 2024/25 tax year. The TX Tax Calculator calculates Federal Taxes (where applicable), Medicare, Pensions Plans (FICA Etc.) allow for single, joint and head of household filing in TXS. The Texas income tax calculator is designed to provide a salary example with salary deductions made in Texas.Summary. If you make $104,000 a year living in the region of Texas, USA, you will be taxed $23,668. That means that your net pay will be $80,332 per year, or $6,694 per month. Your average tax rate is 22.8% and your marginal tax rate is 31.3%. This marginal tax rate means that your immediate additional income will be taxed at this rate.Apr 28, 2024 · Texas Minimum Wage rate is similar to the Federal Minimum wage rate of $7.25 per hour for all employees, unless or otherwise exempted. The Cash Minimum wage rate for Tipped Employees is $2.13, with a maximum tip credit of $5.12. Moreover, for Youth employees, it is $4.25. Welcome to the Income Tax Calculator suite for Texas, brought to you by iCalculator™ US. Here, you will find a comprehensive list of income tax calculators, each tailored to a specific year. These user-friendly tools are designed to help individuals and businesses in Texas quickly estimate income tax liabilities for various tax years and view ...Use this Texas gross pay calculator to gross up wages based on net pay. For example, if an employee receives $500 in take-home pay it will calculate the gross amount that must be used when calculating payroll taxes. It determines the amount of gross wages before taxes and deductions that are withheld, given a specific take-home pay amount. Texas. Estimate your net pay in Texas based on your gross pay, filing status, withholdings and deductions. Use the calculator to compare different scenarios and see how taxes and fees affect your paycheck. Calculation Process: Once you input your income, the calculator will automatically apply the current tax rates and brackets for 2022 to determine the amount of income tax due. Reviewing Results: The calculator will display your estimated income tax liability. This is the amount you would be expected to pay based on the provided income.Use PayCalculation.com’s paycheck calculator to calculate your take-home pay per paycheck for both salary and hourly jobs after taking into account federal, state, and your average monthly expenses. Population in 2023: 29,360,759. Tax Rate Type: No State Tax. Median Household Income (2023): $66,963. Rate Type:After entering it into the calculator, it will perform the following calculations. - Federal Tax. Filing $150,000.00 of earnings will result in $26,076.00 of that amount being taxed as federal tax. - FICA (Social Security and Medicare). Filing $150,000.00 of earnings will result in $11,475.00 being taxed for FICA purposes. The tax return and refund estimator will project your 2023-2024 federal income tax based on earnings, age, deductions and credits. Taxable income $86,150. Effective tax rate 16.6%. Estimated ... FUTA is an annual tax an employer pays on the first $7,000 of each employee’s wages. The FUTA rate for 2023 is 6.0%, but many employers are able to pay less, for instance, up to 5.4% each year due to tax credits. Most employers will pay this tax annually with Form 940.Summary. If you make $180,000 a year living in the region of Texas, USA, you will be taxed $45,652. That means that your net pay will be $134,349 per year, or $11,196 per month. Your average tax rate is 25.4% and your marginal tax rate is 31.1%. This marginal tax rate means that your immediate additional income will be taxed at this rate.Sep 28, 2023 · The taxable wage base in Texas is $9,000, with rates ranging from 0.31% to 6.31%. You must pay unemployment insurance taxes if you: are liable under FUTA; pay $1,500 or more in gross wages in a calendar quarter; or have at least one employee for 20 weeks in a calendar year. To review all applicable rules and regulations, visit the Texas ... Calculate your take-home pay after federal and Texas taxes for any salary or hourly wage. See the breakdown of income taxes, payroll taxes, deductions, …Calculate your employees' paychecks in California based on their taxes, withholdings, and pay type. This tool does not apply to Texas or other states. Enter the salary for each Employee. This should be the total salary per payment period as selected at step 2. Press calculate. The Texas Payroll Calculator will then produce your payroll cost calculation. Understanding and getting familiar with payroll deductions and payroll costs in Texas in 2023 can be a real drain on your time and business ... Summary. If you make $90,000 a year living in the region of Texas, USA, you will be taxed $19,453. That means that your net pay will be $70,547 per year, or $5,879 per month. Your average tax rate is 21.6% and your marginal tax rate is 29.7%. This marginal tax rate means that your immediate additional income will be taxed at this rate.Regarding the pay rates this calculator produces for grades GS-1 through GS-4 for locations within the United States, please be aware that a table 001M special rate applies in place of any corresponding locality rate or other applicable special rate that is lower than the table 001M special rate. Welcome to opm.gov.We're going to use equations typical for all hourly to salary calculators: Hours worked in a day = Hours worked per week / Days worked per week. 25h / 5 = 5h. Daily pay = Hours worked in a day × Hourly pay. 5h × $25 = $125. Yearly pay = (52 × Days worked per week) × Daily pay. $125 × 260 = $32,500. Weekly pay = Hours worked per …Calculate your employees' paychecks in California based on their taxes, withholdings, and pay type. This tool does not apply to Texas or other states.Summary. If you make $104,000 a year living in the region of Texas, USA, you will be taxed $23,668. That means that your net pay will be $80,332 per year, or $6,694 per month. Your average tax rate is 22.8% and your marginal tax rate is 31.3%. This marginal tax rate means that your immediate additional income will be taxed at this rate.Texas Income Tax Calculator. Estimate your Texas income tax burden. Updated for 2024 tax year on Apr 24, 2024. What was updated? Updated on Apr 24 2024. Calculate your Texas state income taxes. Estimate your tax liability based on your income, location and other conditions.Summary. If you make $150,000 a year living in the region of Texas, USA, you will be taxed $38,017. That means that your net pay will be $111,984 per year, or $9,332 per month. Your average tax rate is 25.3% and your marginal tax rate is 25.5%. This marginal tax rate means that your immediate additional income will be taxed at this rate.The ClearTax Salary Calculator calculates the take-home salary based on whether the bonus is a fixed amount or a percentage of the CTC. If you enter the bonus as a percentage of the CTC, the calculator will calculate the performance bonus as a percentage of the cost to the company.The Income Tax Calculator estimates the refund or potential owed amount on a federal tax return. It is mainly intended for residents of the U.S. and is based on the tax brackets of 2023 and 2024. The 2024 tax values can be used for 1040-ES estimation, planning ahead, or comparison. File Status.If you make $120,000 a year living in the region of Texas, USA, you will be taxed $28,708. That means that your net pay will be $91,293 per year, or $7,608 per month. Your average tax rate is 23.9% and your marginal tax rate is 31.7%. This marginal tax rate means that your immediate additional income will be taxed at this rate. Texas Income Tax Calculator 2023-2024. Learn More. On TurboTax's Website. If you make $70,000 a year living in Texas you will be taxed $7,660. Your average tax rate is 10.94% and your marginal tax ... How to calculate annual income. To calculate an annual salary, multiply the gross pay (before tax deductions) by the number of pay periods per year. For example, if an employee earns $1,500 per week, the individual’s annual income would be 1,500 x 52 = $78,000. Using the Paycheck Calculator is a simple, four-step process: Step 1: Input your gross earnings, i.e., the total amount of money you receive before any deductions or taxes. Step 2: Select your pay frequency, i.e., how often you get your paycheck — hourly, daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, or annually. Step 3: Choose the state where you’re ...The average Teacher salary in Texas is $57,661 as of March 26, 2024, but the range typically falls between $48,202 and $70,323. Salary ranges can vary widely depending on the city and many other important factors, including education, certifications, additional skills, the number of years you have spent in your profession.The Texas State Tax Calculator (TXS Tax Calculator) uses the latest Federal tax tables and State Tax tables for 2024/25.To estimate your tax return for 2024/25, please select the 2024 tax year. You can quickly estimate your Texas State Tax and Federal Tax by selecting the tax year, your filing status, Gross Income and Gross Expenses, this is a great way to …Regarding the pay rates this calculator produces for grades GS-1 through GS-4 for locations within the United States, please be aware that a table 001M special rate applies in place of any corresponding locality rate or other applicable special rate that is lower than the table 001M special rate. Welcome to opm.gov.The Annual Salary Calculator is updated with the latest income tax rates in Texas for 2021 and is a great calculator for working out your income tax and salary after tax based on …Step 1: First, you are required to enter the CTC. Step 2: Enter the variable part of the CTC like the bonus. Step 3: Enter the basic salary from your CTC. Step 4: ET Money’s Salary Calculator will show the approximate net take-home salary. Step 5: Lastly, You also have the option to calculate actual in-hand salary.As of Mar 24, the average annual salary in Texas is $52,595. Just in case you need a simple salary calculator, that works out to be approximately $25.29 an hour. This is equivalent of $1,011 a week or $4,382 a month. Most salaries in Texas range between $36,750 (25th percentile) to $66,573 (75th percentile) annually.Tim uses your answers to complete your income tax return instantly and professionally, with everything filled in in the right place. Let Tim submit your tax return direct to SARS in just a few clicks! Use our employee's tax calculator to work out how much PAYE and UIF tax you will pay SARS this year, along with your taxable income and tax rates.The Income Tax Calculator estimates the refund or potential owed amount on a federal tax return. It is mainly intended for residents of the U.S. and is based on the tax brackets of 2023 and 2024. The 2024 tax values can be used for 1040-ES estimation, planning ahead, or comparison. File Status. To try it out, enter the employee’s name and location into our free online payroll calculator and select the salary pay type option. Then enter the employee’s gross salary amount. Input any additional pay like bonuses or commissions. Then use the employee’s Form W-4 to fill in their state and federal tax information. Calculate your annual and hourly income tax for Texas in 2024 with user-friendly interfaces and precise calculations. Choose from various pay periods, tax rates, deductions, credits …Paycheck Calculator Texas. Use PayCalculation.com’s paycheck calculator to calculate your take-home pay per paycheck for both salary and hourly jobs after taking into …The Texas overtime calculator is specifically designed to help you precisely calculate your yearly earnings, taking into account your standard and overtime hours. This tool offers a detailed perspective on how overtime pay factors into your overall salary. This guide will cover: Methods for determining your total income, including overtime.2013. $46,337. 2012. $41,553. Every taxpayer in North Carolina will pay 4.75% of their taxable income in state taxes. North Carolina has not always had a flat income tax rate, though. In 2013, the North Carolina Tax Simplification and Reduction Act radically changed the way the state collected taxes.How much taxes you pay depends on how much you earn and your tax class. When your total salary per year is upto 11.604 €, the tax rate is 0%. Between 11.605 € to 66.760 €, the tax rate increases progressively between 14% to 42%. Between 66.761 € to 277.825 €, the tax rate is 42%. More than 277.825€, the tax rate is 45%.Summary. If you make $135,000 a year living in the region of Texas, USA, you will be taxed $33,455. That means that your net pay will be $101,545 per year, or $8,462 per month. Your average tax rate is 24.8% and your marginal tax rate is 31.7%. This marginal tax rate means that your immediate additional income will be taxed at this rate.Income tax calculator Texas. Where do you work? Salary rate. Annual. Month. Biweekly. Weekly. Day. Hour. Withholding. Salary. $55,000. Federal Income Tax. - $4,868. Social … The Texas tax calculator is updated for the 2024/25 tax year. The TX Tax Calculator calculates Federal Taxes (where applicable), Medicare, Pensions Plans (FICA Etc.) allow for single, joint and head of household filing in TXS. The Texas income tax calculator is designed to provide a salary example with salary deductions made in Texas. SmartAsset's California paycheck calculator shows your hourly and salary income after federal, state and local taxes. Enter your info to see your take home pay.See full list on gusto.com The federal minimum wage is $7.25 per hour while Texas's state law sets the minimum wage rate at $7.25 per hour in 2024. Demands for a living wage that is fair to workers have resulted in numerous location-based changes to minimum wage levels. View future changes in the minimum wage in your location by visiting Minimum Wage Values … This salary calculator assumes the hourly and daily salary inputs to be unadjusted values. All other pay frequency inputs are assumed to be holidays and vacation days adjusted values. This calculator also assumes 52 working weeks or 260 weekdays per year in its calculations. The unadjusted results ignore the holidays and paid vacation days. For example, if an employee makes $25 per hour and works 40 hours per week, the annual salary is 25 x 40 x 52 = $52,000. Important Note on the Hourly Paycheck Calculator: The calculator on this page is provided through the ADP Employer Resource Center and is designed to provide general guidance and estimates.Salary Calculator Results. Average Annual Salary: $65,000. Average Hourly Salary: $25.50/hour. No. of Employees: 1,500,000. Based upon the information that you provided, our calculator estimates an average annual salary of $65,000. What is the minimum wage in the United States?Sep 28, 2023 · The taxable wage base in Texas is $9,000, with rates ranging from 0.31% to 6.31%. You must pay unemployment insurance taxes if you: are liable under FUTA; pay $1,500 or more in gross wages in a calendar quarter; or have at least one employee for 20 weeks in a calendar year. To review all applicable rules and regulations, visit the Texas ... The federal minimum wage is $7.25 per hour while Texas's state law sets the minimum wage rate at $7.25 per hour in 2024. Demands for a living wage that is fair to workers have resulted in numerous location-based changes to minimum wage levels. View future changes in the minimum wage in your location by visiting Minimum Wage Values …2013. $46,337. 2012. $41,553. Every taxpayer in North Carolina will pay 4.75% of their taxable income in state taxes. North Carolina has not always had a flat income tax rate, though. In 2013, the North Carolina Tax Simplification and Reduction Act radically changed the way the state collected taxes.Gross Salary: $246,494.00. Take Home Pay: $180,155.62. Employee Cost1: $260,941.36. Note1 Salary + average employment costs annually. View Take Home Pay Calculations. View Employee Cost Calculations. Rate and Share, Show you Care 😊 Your feedback and support helps us keep this resource FREE for all to use, thank you.After entering it into the calculator, it will perform the following calculations. - Federal Tax. Filing $65,000.00 of earnings will result in $6,560.50 of that amount being taxed as federal tax. - FICA (Social Security and Medicare). Filing $65,000.00 of earnings will result in $4,972.50 being taxed for FICA purposes. - Texas State Tax.Managing salary sheets can be a daunting task, especially when dealing with a large number of employees and complex calculations. However, with the right tool, this process can be ...To calculate an annual salary, multiply the gross pay (before tax deductions) by the number of pay periods per year. For example, if an employee earns $1,500 per week, …The FREE Online Payroll Calculator is a simple, flexible and convenient tool for computing payroll taxes and printing pay stubs or paychecks. Computes federal and state tax withholding for paychecks Flexible, hourly, monthly or annual pay rates, bonus or other earning itemsUse ADP’s tool to calculate net or “take home” pay for hourly or salaried employees in Texas. Enter wages, tax withholdings and other information and get general guidance …Using the Paycheck Calculator is a simple, four-step process: Step 1: Input your gross earnings, i.e., the total amount of money you receive before any deductions or taxes. Step 2: Select your pay frequency, i.e., how often you get your paycheck — hourly, daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, or annually. Step 3: Choose the state where you’re ...Estimate your net pay in Texas based on your gross pay, filing status, withholdings and deductions. Use the calculator to compare different scenarios and see how taxes and …Follow the steps below to learn how to use our California paycheck calculator. 1. Input the employee’s details. This includes the employee’s first and last name and the state they reside in. So in this case, choose California. 2. Fill in their pay information. From there, you should see fields titled: Pay Type.Use ADP’s tool to calculate net or “take home” pay for hourly or salaried employees in Texas. Enter wages, tax withholdings and other information and get general guidance and estimates.Texas paycheck calculators are quite simple to use. Most of these calculators require you to input the number of hours you've worked in the past pay period, your gross wages, any deductions you're entitled to, and the type of taxes you're expected to pay. Once the calculator has all of this information, it runs through its algorithms and ...

Use PayCalculation.com’s paycheck calculator to calculate your take-home pay per paycheck for both salary and hourly jobs after taking into account federal, state, and your average monthly expenses. Population in 2023: 29,360,759. Tax Rate Type: No State Tax. Median Household Income (2023): $66,963. Rate Type:. Cinemark cedar hill movies

salary calculator texas

Federal Income Tax Withholding From Payments That Are Not Wages. There are some types of pay (both cash and non-cash) that must be reported as taxable wages, but are not subject to withholding. The most common example for state employees is the imputed value of life insurance in amounts above $50,000. An employee can have up to $50,000 of life ...FUTA’s maximum taxable earnings, what’s called a “wage base,” is $7,000 — anything an employee earns beyond that amount isn’t taxed. The standard FUTA tax rate is 6%, so your max contribution per employee could be $420. However, you can also claim a tax credit of up to 5.4% (a max of $378). Employers can typically claim the full ...Use ADP’s tool to calculate net or “take home” pay for hourly or salaried employees in Texas. Enter wages, tax withholdings and other information and get general guidance …The gross pay in the hourly calculator is calculated by multiplying the hours times the rate. You can add multiple rates. This calculator will take a gross pay and calculate the net pay, which is the employee’s take-home pay. Gross pay - Taxes - Benefits/deductions = Net Pay.You can calculate the total pay with overtime in three steps: Determine regular pay by multiplying regular hourly pay with regular work hours. Compute overtime pay by multiplying overtime hourly pay with overtime hours. Apply salary with overtime formula: total pay = regular pay + overtime pay.After entering it into the calculator, it will perform the following calculations. - Federal Tax. Filing $75,000.00 of earnings will result in $8,760.50 of that amount being taxed as federal tax. - FICA (Social Security and Medicare). Filing $75,000.00 of earnings will result in $5,737.50 being taxed for FICA purposes. - Texas State Tax.Employers use Form C-3, the Employer’s Quarterly Reports, to report unemployment insurance wages and pay quarterly unemployment insurance taxes, explains the Texas Workforce Commis...If your monthly salary is $6,500, your hourly pay is $37.5/h on average. To find this result: Find the number of hours you worked in a month. In an average 8 hours per day job, you work: 8 × 5 × 52/12 = 173.34 hours monthly. Divide your monthly salary by the number of hours you worked in a month: $6,500/173.34 h ≈ $37.5/h.Calculate your total tax costs in Texas for the tax year 2023/24 with this online tool. It includes both federal and state tax rates, deductions, and other costs. You can enter your gross salary, filing status, and other details to see how much tax you will need to pay or take home.Grade. Step. 2022 Annual Salary. Regarding the pay rates this calculator produces for grades GS-1 through GS-4 for locations within the United States, please be aware that beginning on the first day of the first applicable pay period beginning on or after 01/30/2022, a table 001M special rate applies in place of any corresponding locality rate ...The federal minimum wage is $7.25 per hour while Texas's state law sets the minimum wage rate at $7.25 per hour in 2024. Demands for a living wage that is fair to workers have resulted in numerous location-based changes to minimum wage levels. View future changes in the minimum wage in your location by visiting Minimum Wage Values …Summary. If you make $86,000 a year living in the region of Texas, USA, you will be taxed $18,267. That means that your net pay will be $67,733 per year, or $5,644 per month. Your average tax rate is 21.2% and your marginal tax rate is 29.7%. This marginal tax rate means that your immediate additional income will be taxed at this rate. FUTA’s maximum taxable earnings, what’s called a “wage base,” is $7,000 — anything an employee earns beyond that amount isn’t taxed. The standard FUTA tax rate is 6%, so your max contribution per employee could be $420. However, you can also claim a tax credit of up to 5.4% (a max of $378). Employers can typically claim the full ... Texas State Income Tax Calculation: Calculated using the Texas State Tax Tables and Allowances for 2024 by selecting your filing status and entering your Income for 2024 for a 2025 Texas State Tax Return. Medicare Contributions: 1.45% in 2024 with an additional 0.9% for those whose earnings exceed $ 200,000.00 in 2024. 37%. $578,126 or more. $693,751 or more. $346,876 or more. $578,101 or more. Use our United States Salary Tax calculator to determine how much tax will be paid on your annual Salary. Federal tax, state tax, Medicare, as well as Social Security tax allowances, are all taken into account and are kept up to date with 2023/24 rates. The Annual Salary Calculator is updated with the latest income tax rates in Texas for 2024 and is a great calculator for working out your income tax and salary after tax based on a Annual income. The calculator is designed to be used online with mobile, desktop and tablet devices.Calculate your estimated amount of Texas Workers Comp Income Benefits. TIBs, IIBs. SIBs, LIBs Calculator.The Income Tax Calculator estimates the refund or potential owed amount on a federal tax return. It is mainly intended for residents of the U.S. and is based on the tax brackets of 2023 and 2024. The 2024 tax values can be used for 1040-ES estimation, planning ahead, or comparison. File Status. State taxes. Marginal tax rate 5.85%. Effective tax rate 4.88%. New York state tax $3,413. Gross income $70,000. Total income tax -$11,074. After-Tax Income $58,926. Disclaimer: Calculations are ... .

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